’ Apostrophe（撇號）
1．表示名詞或不定代詞的所有格 |
Chaoyu's
plays / today's headlines / For goodness' sake!
/ a friend of Susan's / somebody else's hat |
构成規則：
1）不以s結尾的單、复數名詞加’s |
The girl's book / Mr. Lu's bike / the women's club
/ my uncle’s car |
| 2）以s結尾的复數名詞加’ |
The
students' opinions / the Joneses' house |
| 3）以s結尾的單數名詞加’s或’ |
my boss's
(或 boss') office / Charles's (或 Charles') brother
/ Keats's (或 Keats') poems |
| 2．表示數字、符號、字母或詞形本身的复數 |
His
7’s look likes 9’s. / Make sure that your t's look
different from your x's. / The teacher had only
four A's in his class. / You have used too many
and’s in your themes. |
| 3．表示省略了字母、數字或單詞 |
Let's
(= let us) / ne'er (= never) / 'cause (= because)
/ I've (=I have) seen the film. / the class of '91
(= 1991) / St. Patrick’s (Cathedral) / She was at
her dentist's (clinic) when I called. |
[ ] Brackets（方括號）
1．在引述他人文字中插入自己解釋性或評述性的詞語 |
The author of Orlando Furioso [Ariosto] influenced
many later poets, both Italian and non-Italian.
/ Finding the wrong mate can mean spending your
years with "a lifelong enemy." [Emphasis
is mine.] / The entry reads, "The father died
of numonia [sic]." |
| 2．對原文加以修正 |
He was
born in 1807. [actually in 1809] |
| 3．括出劇本的舞台提示 |
JONES:
[waving his arms] Away with you! |
| 4．作圓括號內的括號 |
(That
was the color [blue] she preferred.) |
： Colon（冒號）
1．引出表示列舉、解釋或說明性的詞語 |
The string section consists of four instruments:
violin, viola, cello, and bass. / His grades are
as follows: English, an A; History, a B; Science,
a D; and Math, a C. |
| 2．引出對前文進行補充、總結或強調的詞語 |
Judges
have a double duty: They must protect the innocent
and punish the guilty. / He has only one pleasure:
eating. |
| 3．引出較長的正式引語或大段引語 |
In his
most famous speech he said: All men are created
equal and must enjoy equally the rights that are
inalienably theirs. |
| 4．用于信件或演說詞中的稱呼語之后（英國用法中多用逗號） |
Dear
Sir: / Dear Professor Smith: / Ladies and Gentlemen: |
| 5．用于公函、政府文件或商業函件的標題或標目之后 |
TO:
/ SUBJECT: / REFERENCE: / VIA: |
| 6．用于時与分之間（英國用法中多用句號）、比率數之間、《圣約》的章与節之間 |
The
train is to leave at 13:30. / Common nouns outnumber
proper nouns in proportion 3:2. / You will find
it in Genesis 2:4-7. |
| 7．分隔書名的標題与副標題 |
Nostromo:
A Tale of the Seaboard |
